19th Century Art Essay -- Art History

19th Century Art During the 19th century, a great number of revolutionary changes altered forever the face of art and those that produced it. Compared to earlier artistic periods, the art produced in the 19th century was a mixture of restlessness, obsession with progress and novelty, and a ceaseless questioning, testing and challenging of all authority. Old certainties about art gave way to new ones and all traditional values, systems and institutions were subjected to relentless critical analysis. At the same time, discovery and invention proceeded at an astonishing rate and made the once-impossible both possible and actual. But most importantly, old ideas rapidly became obsolete which created an entirely new artistic world highlighted by such extraordinary talents as Vincent Van Gogh, Eugene Delacroix, Paul Gauguin, Paul Cezanne, Toulouse-Lautrec, and Claude Monet. American painting and sculpture came around the age of 19th century. Art originated in Paris and other different European cities. H owever, it became more popular in United States around 19th century. Painting in the 19th century, still highly influenced by the spirit of Romanticism, proved to be a far more sensitive medium for the kind of personal expression one should expect from the romantic subjectivity of the time. At the very beginning of the â€Å"modern period† stands the imposing figure of Francisco Goya (1746-1828), the great independent painter from Spain. With much indebtedness to Velazquez, Rembrandt and the wonders of the natural world, Goya occupies the status of an artistic giant. His artistic range goes from the late Venetian Baroque through the brilliant impressionistic realism of his own to a late expressionism in which dark and powerful distor... ... which contains a subtle but explicit expression of two lovers tightly embracing with a kiss. In conclusion, the art of the 19th century was composed of a sequence of competing artistic movements that sought to establish its superiority, ideologies and style within the artistic community of Europe. These movements, being Romanticism, Realism, Impressionism and Post-Impressionism, ultimately spread far beyond the confines of Europe and made modern art an international entity which can still be felt in today’s artistic world. Works Cited Holt, Elizabeth G. From the Classicist to the Impressionists: Art and Architecture in the 19th Century. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1966. Needham, Gerald. 19th Century Realist Art. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. Peillex, Georges. History of Art: 19th Century Painting. New York: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1964.

Sources of English Law

Sources of English Law By Christopher Richards 9/11/09 Executive Summary In this report I will be discussing the English Legal System, its structure and its primary sources. English law and its legal structure forms the basis of many countries common law legal system, this includes most commonwealth countries and the United States. English law falls into two broad categories: Civil law – derived from Roman law, it is applied when â€Å"wrongs† have been made against individuals; it is also know as a claim or an action. Criminal law – first instrumented following the Norman Conquest of 1066, Its offences relate to â€Å"wrongs† against property and, or persons which affects the whole community, it is often referred to as prosecution.. I will explain why the methods and tools of statutory interpretation are necessary for the correct implement of statutes and how judicial president formed the backbone of English common law. Introduction The English legal system stems from The Norman Conquest, William of Normandy invaded England in 1066 and upon successfully defeating his adversary he gained the crown of England. William formed the fist basic government â€Å"The King’s Councilâ€Å"(Magnum Concilium) comprised of Lords, Bishops, Barons and other trusted figures Who’s advice which the monarch relied on. Introduced the separation of lay courts and church courts with a binding jurisdiction leading to church law i. e. : clergy were tried in there own courts. As the Monarch William owned all of England with lords, bishops and barons possessing land as tenants or sub tenants, this prompt the introduction of Feudalism of land tenure and judicial activity. Common law† would be established by Judges discussing conduct and behaviour throughout the land, still at this point no legislation was ever written down. Further changes arise, these includes the advancement of â€Å"Case law† setting precedent through facts of similar cases that have already been decided so that it can be judged equally, additionally the hierarchy of binding precedents and court structure. Statutory Interpretation Some statutes have a vague or misleading words or phrases many with homonyms which can make the process of implementing the correct ruling a difficult one, A few areas to look at are a Broad term (words that are used to cover many possibilities), Ambiguity (were the word has two or more meanings and its not defining in which one should be used), a drafting error (an error that was made when drafting the bill or when it was amended), new developments (developments in technology means that old acts may not cover present day situations) and use of language( words that have changed in meaning over time), this is why statutory interpretation as a tool is so important, it allows judges to look at statutes and deduce the true reasoning behind it, there are three methods which are used to do this. Literal Rule This is the most commonly used construction and takes precedent over the following rules; it means to take words written into the statute literally in the sense that if the words are clear then they should be applied. The literal rules had been scrutinised by many lawyers, and said to be â€Å"a rule against using intelligence in understanding language. Anyone who in ordinary life interpreted words literally, being indifferent to what the speaker or writer meant would be regarded as a pedant, a mischief-maker or an idiot†. An example of this is in the Hotel Proprietors act 1956, it provides that the hotel proprietor is liable for loss of or damage to guests’ property, but does not extend to guest vehicles or property left â€Å"therein† , so does the proprietor fall liable to property left on, rather than inside the vehicle ? Interpreted literally yes, the proprietor is liable, because if the act had intended to exclude property left on a vehicle the act would have said â€Å"therein or thereon† so great care must be applied when using this rule. The Golden Rule The golden rule is very much a modification to the literal rule, whereas instead of taking the literal meaning the courts will use a narrow or a wide approach of interpreting the word to avoid an absurd result. If the Narrow approach is applied it would usually be because the word themselves lead to an absurd result for example if there is a sign that say â€Å"do not use lifts in case of a fire† interpreted literally it would mean â€Å"to never use lifts, in case of a fire† which would lead to an absurd result but clearly it is to prevent people from using the lifts if there is a fire nearby. The wide approach is were the word has only one meaning but the meaning could result in a repugnant situation, the wider golden rule would be applied to modify the words in the statute to avoid an unfair result this is shown in the case Re Sigsworth (1935) A son had murdered his mother then committed suicide, The mother had not made a will and under the Administration of justice act 1925 the son would been entitled to her inheritance, the decision had to be made weather her inheritance was to passed onto the mothers family or her son, there is no ambiguity of the act so due to the circumstances the judge used to golden rule to favour the mothers family rather than the son benefiting from his crime. this rule is favoured by Lord Wensleydale in the case of Grey vs. Pearson (1857) he stated â€Å"In construing statutes, and all written instruments, the grammatical and ordinary sense of the words is to be adhered to, unless that would lead to some absurdity or inconsistency with the rest of the instrument, in which case the grammatical and ordinary sense of the words may be modified, so as to avoid that absurdity or inconsistency, but not farther†. The Mischief rule This third rule gives a judge more discretion than either the literal or the golden rule. This rule requires the court to look to what the law was before the statute was passed in order to discover what gap or mischief the statute was intended to cover. The court is then required to interpret the statute in such a way to ensure that the gap is covered. The rule is shown in Heydon's Case (1584), where it was said that for the true interpretation of a statute, four things have to be considered: 1. What was the common law before the making of the Act. 2. What was the mischief and defect for which the common law did not provide. 3. What remedy Parliament hath resolved and appointed to cure the disease of the Commonwealth. 4. The true reason of the remedy, and then the office of the Judges is to make such construction as shall suppress the mischief and advance the remedy. An example of the mischief rule in use is found in the case of Corkery v Carpenter (1951). In 1951 Shane Corkery was sentenced to one month's imprisonment for being drunk in charge of a bicycle in public. The defendant was drunk and was pushing his pedal bicycle along Broad Street in Ilfracombe. He was charged under section 12 of the Licensing Act 1872 with being drunk in charge of a carriage. The 1872 Act made no reference to bicycles. The court elected to use the mischief rule to decide the matter. The purpose of the Act was to prevent people from using any form of transport on a public highway whilst in a state of intoxication. The bicycle was a form of transport and therefore the user was correctly charged. Purposive approach This rule exceeds the mischief rule by not just looking for gaps in statutes but for judges to decide what parliament actually meant to achieve. One of the true supporters of this rule is Lord Denning, his attitude towards this rule is shown in the case of Magor and St Mellons v Newport Corporation (1950) â€Å"We sit here to find out the intention of parliament and carry it out, and we do this better by filling in the gaps and making sense of the enactment than by opening it up to destructive analysis† This approach does have its drawbacks and many a judge has voiced its shortcomings saying that, should judges refuse to follow the clear words of parliament and how do they know what parliament’s intentions were? Summary Statutory interpretation as tool is paramount, without it, statutes that were written 100 years ago just wouldn’t be able to be implemented unless statutory interpretation was used. It allows judges and Lords the flexibility to look into statutes and decide whether it is still fair to implement, to break down statues and to interpret how they were original intended, additional if bills hav e been written incorrectly the judge can use statutory interpretation to avoid absurd results and not make a mockery of the English Legal System. Rules of Language Eiusdum generis (of the same kind) In addition to the rules above, the courts also rely on rules of language to assist in statutory interpretation. Firstly, eiusdum generis Latin for â€Å"of the same kind,† used to interpret loosely written statutes. The general words are to be taken as referring only to those things of the same class as specifically mentioned e. g. ‘cats and dogs’ does not include wild animals. There must be at least two specific words in a list before the general word or phrase for this rule to operate. (the phrase ‘theatre or other place of public entertainment’ includes a funfair even though it was not of the same kind as theatres). Expressio unius est exclusio alterius (the mention of one thing excludes others) This is when one or more things of a particular class are mentioned but others may be silently excluded this can be seen in the case of Tempest v Kilner (1846) the court had to decide whether stock and shares were affected by the statutes of fraud 1677(which states that the contract of goods, wares and merchandise of the value of ? 10 or more must be evidenced in writing) but it was deemed that list of goods, ware and merchandise was not followed by general words(stocks and shares) and were not affected by the statute. Noscitur a sociis (a word is known by the company it keeps) This rule of language used by the courts helps interpret legislation, under which the questionable meaning of a doubtful word can be derived from it association with other words. This can be seen in the case Foster v Diphwys Casson (1887), this involved a statute which stated that explosives taken into a mine must be in a â€Å"case or canister†. Here the defendant used a cloth bag. The courts had to consider whether a cloth bag was within the definition. Under noscitur a socials, it was held that the bag could not have been within the statutory definition, because parliament's intention was referring to a case or container of the same strength as a canister. Intrinsic Aids are things inside the act which assist the judge to interpret or apply the law. Extrinsic Aids are things outside the act which assist the judges to apply or interpret he law. For example the judges can look at previous acts of Parliament and the historical setting. Judicial precedent A judicial precedent is a decision of the court used as a source for future decision making. This is known as stare decisis (stand upon decisions) and by which precedents are binding and must be followed. When new cases are brought to court for the first instance and there are no previous cases to base the judgement, this is called Original president. Binding precedent is where past judgements of a similar set of facts are implemented to help courts to keep cases fair by deciding the outcome based upon previous cases. The common law has been developed by passing down from precedent to precedent. In giving judgement a judge will state the law, set out the facts and then provide a decision , it is only the ratio decidendi (the legal reasoning for judicial decision)which is binding in later courts. Orbiter dicta (other things said) may be put forward in future cases but it is not binding, the difficulty is the separation of the two from past judgement as they are not usually listed separately. Judicial precedent is an important source of English law as an original precedent is one which creates and applies a new rule. However, the later decisions, especially of the higher courts, can have a number of effects upon precedents. In particular, they may be: †¢ Reversed: where on appeal in the same case the decision is reversed, the initial decision will not continue to have any effect †¢ Overruled: In a later case a higher court decides that the outcome of the first case was wrong. †¢ Distinguished: where an earlier case is rejected, either because the material facts differ or because the statement of law in the previous case is too narrow to be properly applied to the new set of facts †¢ †¢ A refusal to follow: this arises where a court, not bound by the decision, cannot overrule it but does not wish to follow it so it simply refuses to follow the earlier decision †¢ Explained: a judge may seek to interpret an earlier decision before applying it, so the effect of the earlier case is varied in the circumstances of the present case. Court hierarchy and structure In England and Wales there is a strict hierarchy of the court system, every court is bound by a decision made by a superior court in its hierarchy and appellate courts (courts that hear appeals) are generally bound by its own decision. Courts of first instance Is where the original case was heard, The ECJ, House of Lords, court of appeal and divisional courts do not hear any original cases as they only hear cases of appeal. European Court of Justice The ECJ is the highest court in the English Legal system; European law will be decided in this court and will be binding on the rest of the courts within its structure although some laws are unaffected by ECJ and the House of Lords is supreme. One important feature of the ECJ is that it can overrule its own past decisions if deemed necessary. House of Lords Is not bound by its own decisions and is the most senior national court, its decision bind all courts lower in its hierarchy. Court of appeal Is subsequently split into two divisions, civil and criminal, both are bound by superior courts (House of Lords and ECJ) generally they will follow past decisions of their own but some flexibility (more so criminal division) is accepted. Divisional court Decisions are bound by the ECJ, House of Lords and court of appeal and are also usually bound by its own decisions although some flexibility similar to that of the Court of appeal can be used. High court Decisions are always bound by courts higher than them but none below. All other courts below the High Court are bound by higher courts and will not set president in subsequent cases. [pic] Unknown author. The Court Structure of Her Majesty's Courts Service [online] Available at http://www. hmcourts-service. gov. uk/aboutus/structure/index. htm accessed 16/11/09 Use of Practice Statement Introduced in 1966, practice statements allowed the House of Lords to change a law and deviate from following earlier cases if they have been considered to have been wrongly decided. There is very little guidance when implementing therefore many judges have been reluctant to use it. The first instance of its use was in the Herrington v British Railways Board(1972) this involved the law of their duty and care owed to a child trespasser. In an earlier case Addie v Dumbreak (1929) the lords had decided that the land occupier is only responsible for the duty of care to injuries of child trespassers if the injuries were deliberate or reckless. In the herrington case the lords had decided that social and physical conditions had changed since 1929 and so should the law. Summary Judicial precedent is a crucial segment in English law, it has formed the backbone of common law by passing rulings from president to president, binding or none binding and has given Judges and lords the power to keep every case fair through binding president and in the eventuality of changes (social circumstances, politics, technology) it can use it to adapt and move with the times accordingly. ———————– European Court of Justice

Immigration Issues (E-Verify) - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 1 Words: 401 Downloads: 6 Date added: 2017/09/23 Category Advertising Essay Type Argumentative essay Tags: Development Essay Did you like this example? Issues Overview Every year, American businesses fill millions of temporary and permanent job openings. While each new hire requires verification of the candidates eligibility for employment, no system exists that can guarantee the accuracy of this verification process. The HR Initiative for a Legal Workforce believes that U. S. employers, employees and the government share responsibility for a reliable, efficient, accurate system to verify employment eligibility. Currently, efforts to address this challenge are being undertaken at all levels of government. In this section, you can read more about the current electronic employment eligibility verification system, E-Verify, as well as biometrics. E-Verify What is E-Verify? (formerly known as Basic Pilot) †¢In 1996, Congress authorized the development of several employment verification systems as a way to improve upon the paper-based â€Å"I-9† system in place since 1986. The â€Å"Basic Pilot† is a volu ntary electronic employment verification system that developed from the 1996 law. †¢The U. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services (USCIS) administers the Basic Pilot program, which verifies employment eligibility by cross-checking information with the Social Security Administration’s (SSA) database and it’s own immigration records. †¢In 2007, DHS changed the name of Basic Pilot to â€Å"E-Verify† – although E-Verify remains a voluntary pilot program. How does E-Verify Work? †¢In addition to examining the employee’s work authorization and identification documents and recording this information on Form I-9, employers participating in E-Verify must also electronically submit certain information about the employee through E-Verify within three working days of hire. †¢Through E-Verify, an employer can enter the name and either the Social Security number or the I-94 card number (issued when seeking admission into the U. S. ) in to a web-based system. The system checks either the Social Security or U. S. Department of Homeland Security (DHS) databases to verify whether the employee’s name and Social Security or immigration number match each other in the government’s database, and whether that person is authorized to work in the United States. †¢Employers participating in E-Verify receive either a confirmation or a tentative non-confirmation of he individual’s work eligibility through the E-Verify system. However, if the individual receives a tentative non-confirmation, he or she is eligible to contest that tentative non-confirmation through a 10-day secondary verification process. Employers are not permitted to terminate individuals who have received a tentative non-confirmation until the employer receives a final non-verification from this system or the 10-day time period has elapsed. Who Uses E-Verify? Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Immigration Issues (E-Verify)" essay for you Create order

Cyber Espionage - 3202 Words

ABSTRACT The aim of this report is to examine the topic of cyber espionage. Incidents and threats of espionage committed using software tools have become frequent headlines in news stories in recent years, thus the existence of cyber espionage is undeniable. This report begins with an introduction of the topic, followed by a literature review. Moving on, two case studies specifically involving the use of Trojans and sniffers to commit espionage will be discussed. The scope of these case studies includes the attack mechanisms used and the countermeasures that could plausibly be adopted, as well as a discussion of each case. 1.0 INTRODUCTION Cyber espionage is the use of software tools to obtain secret or private information†¦show more content†¦An attacker can run malicious commands on an infected system to delete important files from the victim system, or format the entire disk. Attackers can also infect systems with a Trojan and use it to attack another pre-defined third party sy stem. Some Trojans have inbuilt keylogging capabilities to record keystrokes made by the victim on the infected system. These Trojans can be configured to automatically covertly email the log file containing the recorded keystrokes to a pre-defined email address. It is further possible to configure an autodestruct feature in the Trojan, so that it automatically gets destroyed at a pre-specified date, and hence leaves few traces behind. Such Trojans are capable of: - Stealing the contents of sensitive emails and documents - Recording passwords, credit card numbers, account information etc. - Stealing software programming code 2.3.2 Sniffers Sniffers are recording softwares that record and store data packets being sent across a network. Typically, sniffers can be used to capture, interpret and store data packets being sent across the network. These captured data packets can be studied and analyzed to understand solve network problems and keep track of network traffic. In espionage, sniffers are used to capture sensitive data being sent across the target network. Common espionage threats associated with sniffers include: - Passwords, bank accountShow MoreRelatedSecurity And Privacy : Cyber Espionage2380 Words   |  10 Pagesare their another strengths. 3.0 HACKERS AND THEIR MOTIVES: †¢ who is Attacking? ï‚ § Cyber Espionage ï‚ § Industrial Espionage ï‚ § Malicious Insider ï‚ § Cyber Criminals ï‚ § Personal Attacks †¢ Where are they from? Cyber Espionage are generally who targets on national and international spying to steal bank s sensitive information, They could be someone intentionally hired by government or organizations. Industrial Espionage were who target s on competitive companies, They could be hired by organization. MaliciousRead MoreCyber Espionage3573 Words   |  15 PagesCyber espionage:- Definition:- Cyber espionage (also spelled cyber espionage) â€Å" | involves the unauthorized probing to test a target computer’s configuration or evaluate its system defenses, or the unauthorized viewing and copying of data files. | † | â€Å" | uses computer or related systems to collect intelligence or enable certain operations, whether in cyberspace or the real world. | † | Cyber spying, or  cyber  espionage, is the act or practice of obtaining secrets without the permission ofRead MoreCyber Espionage4042 Words   |  17 PagesCyber Espionage In India Cyber espionage is an area that has recently attracted the attentions of Indian government and corporate houses alike. Both Indian government and corporate houses are the biggest loosers from cyber espionage. Sensitive information on national security and trade secrets and commercial information has been occasionally stolen through cyber espionage in India. India has been a victim of cyber espionage on many occasions where crackers operating in foreign jurisdictionsRead MoreCyber Espionage And Cyber Terrorism987 Words   |  4 Pagesthat 90% of companies worldwide admits on having being unprepared to protect themselves from any type of cyber-attacks. Large corporations like Target and Hope Depot has been target cyber security breach. That compromise thousands of employees and customers confidential information such as the social security number and credit cards accounts. But some small business weren’t so lucky, as cyber criminals took control of their entire network and completely destroying the whole company. Cybercrime willRead MoreCyber Espionage Attacks And Cyber Attacks1662 Words   |  7 PagesCyber Espionage Attacks This kind of attacks differ from other types of cyber-attacks as they have a different source from where the actual attack comes from, which is mainly from within the organization that is being attacked. It may be the most difficult type of attack in which organizations are able to defend themselves from, for example if the attack is emanating from an individual that holds a high rank within the company. Taking an example of the United States where the government has a processRead MoreCyber Espionage In China Essay767 Words   |  4 Pagesagencies were specifically targeted for cyber espionage. On July 9, 2013, Larry Wortzel, a member of the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission testified before the House of Representatives, Committee on Energy and Commerce Subcommittee on Oversight and Investigation. He revealed the following assessment of China’s cyber activities against the United States. China is using its advanced cyber capabilities to conduct large-scale cyber espionage. China to date has compromised a rangeRead MoreEssay On Cyber Espionage In China750 Words   |  3 PagesChina concerning economic espionage has been viewed with both optimism and skepticism. It’s the first agreement of any substance on the issue, which is a hopeful sign. China doesn’t enjoy a reputation of carefully adhering to international agreements and there is doubt about whether the agreement will have any practical effect on China’s behavior. Since the early 2000s, cyber espionage issues have increasingly strained U.S.-China relations. All countries engage in espionage, but China is one of theRead MoreWhy Chinas Cyber Espionage Is A Threat1822 Words   |  8 Pages Why China’s Cyber Espionage is a Threat Cyber espionage is the act of attempting to penetrate an adversarial system for the purposes of extracting sensitive or protected data of either social or technical in nature. They are illicit activities that range from the commercial and economic to the political and strategic. They include small nuisance attacks to matters of high magnitude and importance like the national security and intelligence (Cornish 2012). Chinese cyber espionage has continued toRead MoreIs Huawei A Bad Reputation For Cyber Espionage? Essay700 Words   |  3 Pages3com led to Huawei not landing any major US contracts. This seems to be having a small domino effect in other countries also, examples being UK government offices scrapping all Huawei video intercom devices and even going so far as to review a UK cyber security centre run by Huawei, also, India’s state owned BSNL dropping Huawei from it’s suppliers after being advised by India’s own intelligence bureau, stating that Huawei ca n not be trusted with it’s sensitive telecom expansion. Similarly, AustralianRead MoreProblems with Ethiopia’s Unofficial Cyber Espionage Essay1038 Words   |  5 PagesEthiopia advanced in cyber espionage against its citizen’s. Innocent journalist from local and from other countries are being tortured, killed and imprisoned for speaking their opinions to the world. Ethiopia’s unofficial cyber espionage program targets innocent journalists and violates the United Nations-The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights - Article 19 Freedom of Expression. The purpose of this paper will address problems with Ethiopia’s unofficial cyber espionage and evaluate the

Causes Of Boko Haram In Nigeria - 1773 Words

Boko Haram is now the biggest problem in Nigeria today. They have caused children to see education as corruption and are causing one of the poorest places in Nigeria to suffer. The schools have been ransacked and blown apart, teachers have been shot to death, and kids kidnapped and have been either raped or put into Boko Haram. The corrupted officials running the local government have now supported them in secret; this is a problem that needs to be solved because now they will have no education to rise against them and take them down. Their future could now be in jeopardy because they will not have the right information to make Nigeria into the beautiful country it is. Boko Haram roughly translates to â€Å"Western education should end† Boko†¦show more content†¦The children have saw this and for some this further inspires them that they have to school so they make life better in the future. For most children they are scared to school and believe that education is ju st corrupted because they saw what happened to the 200 Chibok girls caught schooling. Boko Haram discourages kids from going to school as they blow up schools they kidnap kids and now enlist them then rape the girls and make them housewives. This is now decreasing the education level because with no real teachers they â€Å"learn† at displacement camps with pencils and notebooks from UNICEF but no textbooks. While Boko Haram is to mainly blame for this the army has been using schools to target the terrorist organization. Destroying schools left and right. To elaborate more on kids seeing school as corrupt as said by Sarah Chayes, â€Å"In this context, many Nigerians see schooling less as a way to expand the mind or gain essential skills than as a way into a corrupt and abusive system.† (Chayes) They just see it as becoming a dirty civil worker that will make them into corrupt people and ruin others lives. Which is why Boko Haram is starting to make kids drop out of school. Which is not helping at all. Now girls that have escaped their wrath are trying hard to learn as much as they can to bring an end to this disaster. What they are doing is wrong and they taking away a whole generation of childrenShow MoreRelatedCauses, Effects and Solution to Boko-Haram and Kidnapping in Nigeria1969 Words   |  8 Pagesthe North. Why do you think the army can’t contain it? As far back as eight to nine years ago, we observed that the institution of the Nigerian army became a target of the intelligentsia behind what we called Boko Haram. They have known that the Nigerian army was the last institution in Nigeria that could practically bind the country. But now, the army seems divided. What I know is that the Nigerian army cannot handle this people because the sophistication with which the sect operates is beyond theRead MoreBoko Haram And Its Effect On Women And Children1604 Words   |  7 PagesBoko Haram is the infamous insurgency that sprang up in Nigeria in 2002 with then relative influence that has now gone on to gain worldwide attention thanks in part to their horrendous abduction of over 200 young schoolgirls. This terrorist group is responsible for â€Å"numerous attacks on government and civilian targets that resulted in thousands of deaths and injuries, widespread destruction, the internal displacement of 1.8 million persons, and the external displacement of an estimated 191,000 NigerianRead MoreNigeria s Economy And Natural Resources Essay1592 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction Nigeria is the most populated country in Africa and the seventh most populated country in the world. It has the 20th largest economy in the world with a $500 billion to $1 trillion Gross Domestic Product (GDP) with an emerging market and large oil and limestone natural resources. This is significant knowing that limestone is a mineral source that is used in most products you use every day including paper, bottles, paint, building supplies, and food. (WIKIPEDIA, 2015) Through maximumRead MoreConflict : The Boko Haram Insurgency1701 Words   |  7 PagesConflict: The Boko Haram Insurgency Type of Conflict: Hot war. Origins Boko Haram is the nickname for the group officially known in Arabic as Jama atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda awati Wal-Jihad--the People Committed to the Propagation of the Prophet s Teachings and Jihad. Named by the Northern Nigerian Muslims and subsequently picked up by the press, the name Boko Haram translates to Western education is forbidden and is derived from the teachings of Mohammed Yusuf, the group s early leader, whoRead MoreA Brief Note On The Country Of Nigeria1584 Words   |  7 Pagestogether. Unfortunetly for Nigeria, the lack of this characteristic has been endlessly causing it problems for years. The quarrel between the Muslims in the north and the Christians in the south has been constantly growing. This has recently led to very violent acts of protest and the taking of thousands of innocent lives. These acts of terrorism by northern Nigerian Islam extremists are becoming much more frequent because of a rather newly created terrorist group, Boko Haram. The group is growing i nRead MoreINSECURITY IN NIGERIA1454 Words   |  6 PagesPOVERTY AND INSURGENCY IN NIGERIA: THE BOKO HARAM CHALLENGE. ABSTRACT: This paper aims to study the insecurity in Nigeria which is widely caused by Islamic sects known as Boko Haram in Nigeria and its effects on security. This paper will also find if there is a connection between poverty and Insurgency that has led to a great unrest in Nigeria, the aim of writing isRead MoreBoko Haram : A Islamic Organization1445 Words   |  6 Pages Boko Haram is a militant Islamic group based in northeastern Nigeria, but is also active in northern Cameroon, Chad, and Niger (â€Å"Boko Haram Fast Facts† 1). Their main purpose as an organization is to institute Sharia, which is known as Islamic law (â€Å"Boko Haram Fast Facts† 1). In the local Hausa dialect, one of the largest ethnic groups spoken in West Africa, Boko Haram means â€Å"Western education is forbidden† (â€Å"Boko Haram Fast Facts† 1). The group is also referred to as Jama’atu Ahlis Sunna Lidda’awatiRead MoreWhy Is Boko Haram?1625 Words   |  7 Pagesexpected . However, through waves of recent bombings, bloody kidnappings, and remorseless assassinations, Nigeria has proven that while terrorism may be on the decline, local terrorist groups seem to still be on the rise and the unprecedented terrorist operations of Boko Haram have shattered the hope that peace is returning to Africa’s most populous country any time soon (â€Å"Boko Haram†). Nigeria is a West African country with a population of about 170 million people. It is a country divided with religionRead MoreMotivation For Boko Haram s Attacks848 Words   |  4 PagesDifferent sources have different causes of what they say was the motivation for Boko Haram’s attacks. Some sources say it was the killing of their leader in 2009 and some even say that the it was due to global warming within that country, but whatever it is, it is a big problem not only for the Islamic states but all of the other countries of the world. Their different attacks seem to show what the source of this motivation was. The group is very hard to understand in terms of their overall motivationRead MoreThe Conflict Between The Muslims And The North1361 Words   |  6 Pagesterritories from Sahel to the Atlantic coast, started the main cause of conflict between the Muslims and the Christians. It led to political disagreement between the two major religions in two separate regions of th e country. In the years 1947 to 1959, the Nigerian leaders came together to try to come to an agreement to resolve the political and religious conflicts between the north (Muslims) and the south (Christians). Christians believe that if Nigeria is governed by Muslims, they will try to islamize the

The Image of Filipino Women in Litearature free essay sample

But behind these legendary men who shaped the history of the Philippines are women who helped mold them to who they are. Ninoy Aquino had Cory Aquino who continued the works Ninoy was not able to finish when he was executed. Diego Silang had Gabriela Silang who continued his battle long after he was gone. Andres Bonifacio had Gregoria De Jesus who is the founder VP of the women’s chapter of the Katipunan of the Philippines. Jose Rizal had Teodora Alonzo Realonda de Quintos who was his first teacher and was his constant guide as he grew up. Women have played a very significant part in the development of the country even before they had rights to do so. When equal rights for men women were established, the chains that bound them were cut and they were allowed to run freely, revealing potential that led the Philippines to a better position. We will write a custom essay sample on The Image of Filipino Women in Litearature or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The image of Filipino women has been very well represented through literary works by local authors like Paz Latorena (The Small Key), Amador T. Daguio (Wedding Dance), Arturo B. Rotor (Zita), Paz Marquez-Benitez (Dead Stars), Aida Rivera-Ford Love in the Cornhusks), Kerima Polotan-Tuvera (The Virgin), Estrella D. Alfon (Magnificence), and Gilda Cordero-Fernando (The Visitation of the Gods). Soledad from â€Å"Small Key† best represents women who are married to or are in a relationship with men who have trouble letting go of past lovers. She is married to a man who can’t seem to let go of the possessions of his late wife. Here she shows the image of Filipino women being patient, loving, devoted, and curious. Lumnay from â€Å"Wedding Dance† best represents women who would give up her happiness for the betterment of her spouse. She is selfless, self-sacrificing and therefore a commendable wife. Zita from â€Å"Zita† represents women who feel like they are led on by men, but later on finds out that that admiration was for nothing. She can be described as studious, eager to learn, driven and inspired, has no good control of her feelings, and emotionally weak. Esperanza and Julia from â€Å"Dead Stars† exude the most basic qualities of a Filipino woman: simple, caring, elegant, positive, charismatic, graceful, charming, and humorous. Tinang from â€Å"Love in the Cornhusks† is another great example of a hardworking, humble, and motherly woman, just like Ms. Mijares from â€Å"The Virgin,† except for that she wasn’t motherly for she didn’t have a child. Though Ms. Mijares seemed to be discontented in the story, she shows the outstanding quality of a Filipino woman which is that she always puts her family first. She was dedicated to working to make her family happy and to send her relative to school. The mother in â€Å"Magnificence† is the best exemplar for all the mothers in the Philippines. She was strong, calm despite the situation, and she loved her kids. The little girl in the story was representative of the girls in the country who are ignorant, and still have a lot to learn about life. Lastly, Ms. Noel from â€Å"Visitation of the Gods† is the quintessence of how all teachers should be. Unscathed by bribe and not blinded by the want for power and a better title, she remained who she was, simple, humble and hardworking, just to be a good teacher. She wasn’t like her co-teachers who always kissed up to those in position. She did what she was supposed to do righteously. Overall, women in literature are depicted in a relatively positive way. They are almost always shown as strong, independent, and wise, a very good representation of the image of a Filipino Woman.

Importance of Business Communication in Work Place

Question: Discuss about theImportance of Business Communication in Work Place. Answer: Business communication is the way to sharing the information regarding business between people of the organization. It is important to have effective communication skill in the business because it makes easy to understand the message. Effective communication in business contributes the sustainable success of its commercial. Communication skill must in the business and it can be various forms such as writing skill, listening skill, verbal skill, team work skill, interpersonal skill, and presentation skill, selling skill and networking skill. To make effective communication in workplace, there are various ways like communication via training, open meeting, one on one, presentations and use of visual source (Spaho, 2011). Communication in workplace is very important because it allows organization to be more productive towards performing the task. Employees of the organization can enhance their productivity and morale if they are able to communicate with up and down management. The importance of communication in workplace consider as a wind which is necessary for life same with organization. Without effective communication, organization would be failed to reflect its progress and for potential growth. It is the source which helps to manager to perform their duties and responsibilities with enthusiasm. Effective communication in workplace can be the successful building block. Importance of communication can be summarized in various ways. It enhances the productivity of the work place and focuses on the motivation through clarifying about the task. It is considered as a source of knowledge and information which facilitates to the employee for the process of decision making. Communication has the ability to transform the attitude of an individual. Organizations newspaper, magazines meetings can change the attitude of employee towards performing the task and way of view regarding company. To being social communication plays a crucial role. It not only control the behavior of an individual in business but also able to assess in entire control process. Business has some policies and structures which is necessary to follow for running the business efficiently. Communication facilitates employee to communicate in case of any conflicts and misunderstanding. Importance of communication in workplace is very important because it does not only put efforts for potential growth of company but also focuses on the development of employee by providing proper understanding. Communication skill can reduce the possible harm within the organization and enhances the skill of team work. Team work brings closer team member and make task with full of fun and interesting. During working on a team it is important to make assure that communication should be done between members of team. To remove the obstacles and conflicts from the organization, manager of the organization must analyze the barriers of the communication and find solution to remove it as soon as possible. It is the primary responsibility of manager. It is not possible to have perfect communication every time but problems can be managed hastily. Every person should have known about the involvement in the task. Importance of communication comes in scenario when people of office not only share the goals of the company but also share the clear understanding about the task. Workplace communication can make the employee satisfied. It has been analyzed that group communication conducts to an improvement of performance. Workplace communication has positive effect on absenteeism also. Employee of the company feels secure if they get true information from their superiors. It has been examined that company with having an efficient communication keep the ability to retain the employee. Open communication in the workplace can reduce the possible conflicts. Conflicts and misunderstanding in the organization can be easily resolved by mutual discussion and this attitude leads the organization to the path of growth. Effective communication can be the biggest issue of failure or success of the organization. Every organization has vision, mission and goals. Clear communication brings the clarity about the performing task and being clear about the task enhance the productivity of the employee because employee gets know that what he need to done and what expectations a re required to accomplish the task. They will be able to give their best towards performing the task. Open communication can form the health relationship between employees and employer. It force to employee for being loyal to the organization. It makes the health and positive environment at workplace and promotes the good working relationship within the organization (Husain, 2013). Due to miscommunication, organization could have to face circumstances of conflicts and crisis which may organization to unnecessary late deliver project. Proper utilization of resources could not be done with improper communication and overall performance gets influenced. Thus, effective communications is must to proper use of resources and enhance the productivity of them. There are so many barriers which may affect the communication of organization. It can be environmental barrier and personal barriers. Environmental barriers are miscommunication, lack of time, inadequate attention, managerial philosophy and poor relationship. These all may influence the working environment of the company. Personal barriers can be lack of empathy, insensitivity and over emotional. It is important for the business to remove barriers as soon as possible and provide better solution so that working environment cannot get impacted due to these barriers (Lunenburg, 2010). There are so many steps and resolution available which will be helpful to overcome these barriers. Environmental barriers can be reduced if attentive attitude is being accepted by receiver and sender. Through reducing links such as hierarchical system can be the source of overcome on environmental barrier. Personal barriers can be reduced by understanding the beliefs and values of others (Adu-Oppong Agyin -Birikorang, 2014). Communication effectiveness can be improved if administrator of the company focuses on clarification before communicating. It is necessary to focus on purpose of communication. Communication should be precise. To serve the specific goal and information, the tone of administrator should be well mannered. While communicating, administrator needs to be mind full not only important messages but also for the minor content. The responsibility of administrator does not end till providing the information it is need to take follow up their communication with employees. Their actions need to be matched with communication so that clear understanding can be appeared by actions as well. While it is difficult to maintain and establish the high level of communication in workplace but with the help of principles of communication, environment can be changed. Senders responsibility is not enough for proper communication, receivers responsibilities in the term of effective communication are keeping you rself as the others point of view , go easy on criticism and do not argue. When administrator is unable to make the environment positive it creates the negative environment which reduce the productivity of the workplace (Lunenburg, 2010). It has been concluded that communication skills can change the business environment and increase the productivity of the work place. It has been explained that effective communication can be able to generate the clear understanding among employees. Concise communication reduces the possibilities of conflicts and with the help of mutual discussion issues and conflicts can be resolved. Communication keeps importance in the workplace because every administrative activity involves direct or indirect communication. Effective communication skills have the capability to improve the ability of administrator for becoming leader. It is important for the administrator to create the environment where in plans, issues, views, ideas and conflicts are discussed and managed in an efficient and perfection manner. Various barriers regarding communication have been discussed. Resolutions for overcoming barriers also have been elaborated. In the end it has been observed that the importance of communicat ion is very high in the business because directly or indirectly it makes clear understanding towards performing task. References Adu-Oppong, A. A. Agyin-Birikorang, E. (2014).communication in the workplace: guidelines for improving effectiveness. G.J.C.M.P.,Vol.3 (5):208-213 ISSN: 2319 7285. Husain, Z. (2013). Effective communication brings successful organizational change. The Business Management Review, Vol.3 Number-2, January 2013. Lunenburg, F. C. (2010). Communication: The Process, Barriers, and Improving Effectiveness. Schooling Volume 1, No. 1. Spaho, K. (2011). Organizational communication as an important factor of company success: case study of bosnia and Herzegovina. Business Intelligence Journal - July, 2011 Vol.4 No.2.